import socket

DEFAULT_PORT = 123

host = '[fe80::21c:a0ff:fb27:7196]:567'

# the port will be anything after the last :
p = host.rfind(":")

# ipv6 literals should have a closing brace
b = host.rfind("]")

# if the last : is outside the [addr] part (or if we don't have []'s
if (p > b):
    try:
        port = int(host[p+1:])
    except ValueError:
        print "Non-numeric port"
        raise
    host = host[:p]
else:
    port = DEFAULT_PORT

# now strip off ipv6 []'s if there are any
if host and host[0] == '[' and host[-1] == ']':
    host = host[1:-1]

print "host = <%s>, port = <%d>" % (host, port)

the_socket = None

res = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

# go through all the returned values, and choose the ipv6 one if
# we see it.
for r in res:
    af,socktype,proto,cname,sa = r

    try:
        the_socket = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
        the_socket.connect(sa)
    except socket.error, e:
        # connect failed!  try the next one
        continue

    break

if the_socket == None:
    raise socket.error, "Could not get address!"

# ready to send!
the_socket.send("hi!")

$ cat test.in
01234567899876543210

$ ./numbers2ppm.py -W 40 -H 40 -c 10 ./test.in > test.ppm

$ convert test.ppm test.png

$  python ./side-by-side.py --width 40 /tmp/afile.txt /tmp/afile2.txt
this is a file                           |  i have here another file
that has lines of                        |  that also has some text and
text.  to read                           |  some lines.  although it
                                         |  is slightly longer than the other
this is a really really really really re *  file with all these words
                                         |  in
                                         |  it

#!/usr/bin/python

import sys, os
from optparse import OptionParser

class InFile:
    def __init__(self, filename):
        try:
            self.lines=[]
            self.maxlen = 0
            for l in open(filename).readlines():
                self.lines.append(l.rstrip())
        except IOError, (error, message):
            print "Can't read input %s : %s" % (filename, message)
            sys.exit(1)

        self.nlines = len(self.lines)
        if self.nlines == 0:
            self.lines.append("")
        self.maxlen = max(map(len, self.lines))

    # pad to the max len, with a extra space then the deliminator
    def pad_lines(self, nlines, width=0, nodiv=False, notrunc=False):
        if width == 0:
            width = self.maxlen
        pad = []
        for i in range(0, width):
            pad += " "
        # add on some extra for the divider and spaces
        pad += "   "
        padlen = len(pad)
        for i in range(0, nlines):
            try:
                linelen = len(self.lines[i])
            except IndexError:
                self.lines.append("")
                linelen = 0
            if (linelen > width):
                linelen = width
                if not notrunc:
                    pad[-2] = "*"
            elif nodiv:
                pad[-2] = " "
            else:
                pad[-2] = "|"
            self.lines[i] = self.lines[i][:linelen] +  "".join(pad[linelen - padlen:])

usage= "side-by-side [-w width] file1 file2 ... filen"

parser = OptionParser(usage, version=".1")

parser.add_option("-w", "--width", dest="width", action="store", type="int",
                      help="Set fixed width for each file", default=0)
parser.add_option("--last-div", dest="lastdiv", action="store_true",
                  help="Print divider after last file", default=False)
parser.add_option("--no-div", dest="nodiv", action="store_true",
                  help="Don't print any divider characters", default=False)
parser.add_option("--no-trunc", dest="notrunc", action="store_true",
                  help="Don't show truncation with a '*'", default=False)

(options, args) = parser.parse_args()

flist = []
if (len(args) == 0):
    print usage
    sys.exit(1)
for f in args:
    flist.append(InFile(f))

max_lines = max(map(lambda f: f.nlines, flist))

for i in range(0,len(flist)):
    if (len(flist)-1 == i):
        options.nodiv = not options.lastdiv
    flist[i].pad_lines(max_lines, options.width, options.nodiv, options.notrunc)

for l in range(0, max_lines):
    for f in flist:
        print f.lines[l],
    print

pr -Tm file1 file2

import re
import sys
import socket

if (not len(sys.argv) == 2):
    print "Usage: ip2hex.py hostname|ip address/mask"
    sys.exit(1)

try:
    (in_str, mask) = sys.argv[1].split("/")
    # sanity check mask
    mask = int(mask)
    if (mask > 32 or mask < 0):
        print "Mask out of range"
        sys.exit(1)
except ValueError:
    mask = 0
    in_str = sys.argv[1]

try:
    ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(in_str)
except:
    print "Invalid address!"
    sys.exit(1)

#gethostbyname really checks this for us, but you never know
ip_regex = re.compile('(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.' \
                      '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.' \
                      '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.' \
                      '(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|[01]?[0-9][0-9]?)')
ip_match = ip_regex.match(ip_addr)

if (ip_match == None):
    print "Invalid address"
    sys.exit(1)

hex_ip_addr = 0
for i in range(1,5):
    hex_ip_addr += int(ip_match.group(i)) << (4-i)*8

fmt = "%%0%dX" % ((32 - mask) / 4)
print fmt % (hex_ip_addr >> mask)

>>> def function(arg, *vargs, **kargs):
	print arg
	print vargs
	print kargs
>>> function(1, 2,3,4,5, test1="abc", test2="def")
1
(2, 3, 4, 5)
{'test1': 'abc', 'test2': 'def'}

>>> def function(arg1, arg2, arg3):
    print arg1, arg2, arg3
>>> args = (1,2,3)
>>> function(*args)
1 2 3

>>> def function(arg1=None, arg2=None):
     print arg1, arg2
>>> dict = {"arg1":"1", "arg2":"2"}
>>> function(**dict)
1 2

import sys
import imp
import os

path_to_config_file = "./testdir/config.py"

class Config:
    def __init__(self, path):

        print path
        self.path = path

    def _get_code(self, fullname):
        # path_to_config_file might have come in via our options, etc
        f = open(path_to_config_file)
        # read in the file and compile it
        c = ""
        for line in f.readlines():
            c = c + line
        code = compile(c, fullname, 'exec')
        # false means this is not a package, code is the compiled code
        return False, code
        
    def find_module(self, fullname):
        # sufficient to return ourselves
        print fullname
        return self

    def load_module(self, fullname):
        # get the code
        ispkg, code = self._get_code(fullname)

        # create a new module
        mod = imp.new_module(fullname)
        # add it to the modules list
        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
        # set the file
        mod.__file__ = "<%s>" % (path_to_config_file)
        # set the module loader
        mod.__loader__ = self

        # exec code
        exec code in mod.__dict__

        # return the module object
        return mod
        
sys.path_hooks.append(Config)

import aconfigfile

print aconfigfile

aconfigfile.hello()

>>> config_file = "config"
>>> eval("import " + config)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
NameError: name 'config' is not defined

class Config:
      some_config_dictionary = {"option" : "Hello Config"}

import ihooks, os

def import_module(filename):
    loader = ihooks.BasicModuleLoader()
    path, file = os.path.split(filename)
    name, ext  = os.path.splitext(file)
    module = loader.find_module_in_dir(name, path)
    if not module:
        raise ImportError, name
    module = loader.load_module(name, module)
    return module

def config_example():
    config = import_module("config.py").Config
    print config.some_config_dictionary["option"]

if __name__ == "__main__":
        config_example()

import SocketServer, time, select, sys
from threading import Thread

COMMAND_HELLO = 1
COMMAND_QUIT  = 2

# The SimpleRequestHandler class uses this to parse command lines.
class SimpleCommandProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def process(self, line, request):
        """Process a command"""
        args = line.split(' ')
        command = args[0].lower()
        args = args[1:]

        if command == 'hello':
            request.send('HELLO TO YOU TO!\n\r')
            return COMMAND_HELLO
        elif command == 'quit':
            request.send('OK, SEE YOU LATER\n\r')
            return COMMAND_QUIT
        else:
            request.send('Unknown command: "%s"\n\r' % command)


# SimpleServer extends the TCPServer, using the threading mix in
# to create a new thread for every request.
class SimpleServer(SocketServer.ThreadingMixIn, SocketServer.TCPServer):

    # This means the main server will not do the equivalent of a
    # pthread_join() on the new threads.  With this set, Ctrl-C will
    # kill the server reliably.
    daemon_threads = True

    # By setting this we allow the server to re-bind to the address by
    # setting SO_REUSEADDR, meaning you don't have to wait for
    # timeouts when you kill the server and the sockets don't get
    # closed down correctly.
    allow_reuse_address = True

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, processor, message=''):
        SocketServer.TCPServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
        self.processor = processor
        self.message = message

# The RequestHandler handles an incoming request.  We have extended in
# the SimpleServer class to have a 'processor' argument which we can
# access via the passed in server argument, but we could have stuffed
# all the processing in here too.
class SimpleRequestHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler):

    def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):
        SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler.__init__(self, request, client_address, server)

    def handle(self):
        self.request.send(self.server.message)

        ready_to_read, ready_to_write, in_error = select.select([self.request], [], [], None)

        text = ''
        done = False
        while not done:

            if len(ready_to_read) == 1 and ready_to_read[0] == self.request:
                data = self.request.recv(1024)

                if not data:
                    break
                elif len(data) > 0:
                    text += str(data)

                    while text.find("\n") != -1:
                        line, text = text.split("\n", 1)
                        line = line.rstrip()

                        command = self.server.processor.process(line,
                                                                self.request)

                        if command == COMMAND_HELLO:
                            break
                        elif command == COMMAND_QUIT:
                            done = True
                            break

        self.request.close()

    def finish(self):
       """Nothing"""

def runSimpleServer():
    # Start up a server on localhost, port 7000; each time a new
    # request comes in it will be handled by a SimpleRequestHandler
    # class; we pass in a SimpleCommandProcessor class that will be
    # able to be accessed in request handlers via server.processor;
    # and a hello message.
    server = SimpleServer(('', 7000), SimpleRequestHandler,
                          SimpleCommandProcessor(), 'Welcome to the SimpleServer.\n\r')

    try:
        server.serve_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        sys.exit(0)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    runSimpleServer()

import os
import sys
from time import sleep

class HalfBakedMutex:
    def __init__(self):
        import mmap
        #C is an array of people waiting for a ticket
        self.C = mmap.mmap(-1, 1024,
                                  mmap.MAP_SHARED|mmap.MAP_ANONYMOUS)
        #N is list of tickets people are holding
        self.N = mmap.mmap(-1, 1024,
                           mmap.MAP_SHARED|mmap.MAP_ANONYMOUS)

    def take_a_number(self):
        #pick a number to "see the baker"
        i = os.getpid() % 1024

        #find current maximum number
        while True:
            #indicate we are currently getting a number
            self.C[i] = chr(1)

            max = 0
            for j in range(1024):
                if (ord(self.N[j])) > max:
                    max = ord(self.N[j])
            #we can't have max > 256 as chr(256) will fail
            if (max + 1 < 256):
                break
            else:
                self.C[i] = chr(0)
                sleep(0.1)

        #take next maximum
        self.N[i] = chr(max + 1)
        self.C[i] = chr(0)

    def lock(self):

        #first, take a number to see the baker
        self.take_a_number()

        i = os.getpid() % 1024

        for j in range(1024):
            #make sure the process isn't currently getting a ticket
            while ord(self.C[j]) == 1:
                sleep(0.1)
                continue

            # If process j has a ticket, i.e.
            #    N[j] > 0
            # AND either the process has a lower ticket, or the same
            # ticket and a lower PID, i.e.
            #   (N[j],j) < (N[i],i)
            # wait for it to run
            while (ord(self.N[j]) > 0) and (ord(self.N[j]),j) < (ord(self.N[i]),i) :
                sleep(0.1)
                continue

        #if we made it here, it is our turn to run!
        return

    def unlock(self):
        i = os.getpid() % 1024
        self.N[i] = chr(0)


mut = HalfBakedMutex()

os.fork()
os.fork() # 4 processes
os.fork() # 8 processes
os.fork() # 16 processes
os.fork() # 32 processes
os.fork() # 64 processes

while True:
    mut.lock()
    print(" ------ " + `os.getpid()` + " ------ ")
    mut.unlock()